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Punjabi (پنجابی in Shahmukhi script), (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script, Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (now split between Pakistan and India) and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. It has over 120 million native speakers, which makes it approximately the 10th most widely spoken language in the world. The written standard for Punjabi for at least 1000 years has been based on the Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha, which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot, and Narowal Districts of the Pakistani Province of Punjab and Amritsar District and Gurdaspur District of the Indian State of Punjab.

Gujarati (Gujǎrātī) is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. There are about 46.1 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the "father of Pakistan," and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the "iron man of India."

Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakit and Sanskrit languages. Bengali is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal and in Assam, mostly in the districts of Cachar, Karimganj,  Hailakandi, Dhubri Goalpara and Naogaon. With nearly 230 million total speakers, Bengali is one of the most spoken languages (ranking fifth or sixth) in the world. Bengali is the primary language spoken in Bangladesh and is the second most spoken language in India. Along with Assamese, it is geographically the most eastern of the Indo-Iranian languages. With its long and rich literary tradition, Bengali serves to bind together a culturally diverse region. In 1952, when Bangladesh used to be East Pakistan, this strong sense of identity led to the Bengali Language Movement, in which several people braved bullets and died on February 21. This day has now been declared as the International Mother Language Day.

Marathi (मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are 90 million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi is the 4th most spoken language in India and the 15th most spoken language in the world. Along with Bengali, Marathi is the oldest of the regional literatures in Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 1000 AD. Marathi is estimated to be over 1300 years old, evolving from Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha. Its grammar and syntax derive from Pali and Prakrit. In ancient times, Marathi was called Maharashtri, Marhatti, Mahratti etc. 

Urdu (اردو, trans. Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. It is the official language of Pakistan. Its vocabulary developed under Sanskrit and Persian and to a lesser degree the Arabic and Turkic influence on apabhramshas. It began to take shape during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (AD 1526–1858) in South Asia. Urdu is a standardised register of Hindustani termed the standard dialect Khariboli. The grammatical description in this article concerns this standard Urdu. In general, the term "Urdu" can encompass dialects of Hindustani other than the standardised versions.The original language of the Mughals had been Turkish, but after their arrival in South Asia, they came to adopt Persian and later Urdu. The word Urdu is believed to be derived from the Turkish, word 'Ordu', which means army encampment. It was initially called Zaban-e-Ordu or language of the army and later just Urdu. It obtained its name from Urdu Bazar, i.e. encampment (Urdu in Turkish) market, the market near Red Fort in the walled city of Delhi.